Feral cat colonies usually form when lost or abandoned unaltered cats gather near a food source — dumpsters behind restaurants, college cafeterias, and similar spots. A female finds a hidden place to give birth, and instincts inherited from her wild ancestors resurface: she teaches her kittens to be wary of humans, and those kittens go on to teach the same to theirs.
A female cat can give birth up to three times a year, averaging four kittens per litter — and her own kittens can be ready to reproduce by four months old. Colonies can form quickly, and not just around dumpsters: trailer parks, apartment complexes, and housing developments see the same pattern, often starting when someone abandons a cat or moves away without it. (This is against the law in Pennsylvania.) Most of these cats haven't been spayed or neutered, so a single unaltered cat can become a colony fast.
The answer: TNR (Trap, Neuter, Return)
Trapping a feral cat can be done safely and humanely. Note: if you feed an animal and allow it to stay on your property, you are legally responsible for its care.
Steps to trap a feral cat
- Get a humane trap — some SPCAs rent them for a small fee, hardware stores sell them, or you may be able to borrow one.
- Line the trap floor with newspaper to protect the cat's feet. Withhold food the day before trapping so the cat is hungry enough to go in. Use a smelly bait — canned fish or sardines work well — laid in a path from just outside the trap to the back.
- Cover the trap's sides and back with a blanket or sheet. Once the cat is caught, cover the front too — this helps it settle down. Never open the trap door once a cat is inside; feral cats are frightened and will bite or scratch to defend themselves.
- Keep the trapped cat somewhere quiet, secure, and temperature-appropriate until it's time to transport it. Use an enclosed vehicle, not an open truck bed — this matters even more on the way back, while the cat is still recovering from anesthesia.
- At the clinic, the cat is anesthetized while still in the trap, then safely removed for surgery, vaccination, and treatment of any issues found. The vet will "ear tip" (remove the tip of the left ear) so the cat can be identified as fixed at a glance in the future.
- After surgery, the cat goes back into the trap and should stay there until the next day for safety. Release it in a familiar place so it feels comfortable again quickly.
While trapping, stay within sight of the trap so you can cover it as soon as a cat is caught. If you ever have to leave a trap unattended, cover it completely first. Never set a trap and walk away for a long stretch, or leave one out overnight — raccoons, skunks, and opossums are nocturnal, and you don't want a surprise visitor.
Feral colonies can grow out of control quickly, but TNR prevents that. Altered cats are healthier, and with caring people providing food, shelter, and a watchful eye, they can live contentedly for years.